Tata Altroz XZ Plus (S) Lux Dark Edition Petrol

Specifications

• Engine & Transmission
  Engine

  1199 cc, 3 Cylinders Inline, 4 Valves/Cylinder, DOHC

  Timely services will keep a motor efficient and in top shape.

  Engine Type

  1.2 L Revotron

  The official title given by the manufacturer in terms of the name of the engine, the displacement and the number of cylinders.

  A bigger displacement and more than four-cylinders generally indicate a performance-oriented engine.

  Fuel Type

  Petrol

  All cars in India either run on petrol, diesel, CNG, LPG or electric power.

  Max Power (bhp@rpm)

  87 bhp @ 6000 rpm

  Gives a good idea of the performance of the vehicle under full thrust. A higher figure here usually means a higher top speed as well.

  Higher the power, the peppier the engine but it can also affect fuel economy.

  Max Torque (Nm@rpm)

  115 Nm @ 3250 rpm

  Relates to in-gear acceleration. A higher figure here means better roll-on acceleration, fewer gear shifts, and possibly better fuel efficiency.

  The more torque at low RPM range makes the engine feel more responsive. It also allows the engine to run smoothly without too many gear changes.

  Mileage (ARAI)

  19.33 kmpl

  This is the maximum fuel efficiency that an engine gives. All numbers are provided by the manufacturer based on tests conducted and specified by the standards of the ARAI (Automotive Research Association of India)

  Such fuel efficiency attained while driving in special conditions makes it unlikely to get it in real-world conditions

  Driving Range

  715 km

  Approximate maximum number of kilometers which can be traveled on a full tank of fuel or fully charged battery

  Drivetrain

  FWD

  Cars come with different drivetrain configurations depending on the segment.

  Front-wheel drive (FWD) is most common in mainstream cars while expensive cars or SUVs come with rear-wheel drive (RWD) or all-wheel drive (AWD).

  Transmission

  Manual - 5 Gears

  Type of transmission used to transfer power from the engine to the wheels

  A manually operated transmission is the most popular type, thanks to its simplicity and low cost. Varied types of automatic transmissions are also available.

  Emission Standard

  BS6 Phase 2

  Set by the Indian Government, this governs the amount of air pollutants released by cars to make the atmosphere safer for humans.

  • Others
    Idle Start/Stop

• Dimensions & Weight
  Length

  3990 mm

  The length of the car decides its segment. In India, cars that are less than 4 metres in length enjoy reduced excise duties.

  

  • Length: 3990

  Longer length results in more cabin space. It also adds to straight line stability.

  Width

  1755 mm

  A car's width is defined as its widest point without its mirrors.

  

  • Width: 1755

  Although more width gives you more lateral space inside the cabin, it makes the car more difficult to park in narrow spots.

  Height

  1523 mm

  The height of the car denotes the highest point of the vehicle from the ground.

  

  • Height: 1523

  Taller the car, the more headroom there is on offer inside the cabin. However, a tall boy stance also affect the car’s centre of gravity which can cause more body roll.

  Wheelbase

  2501 mm

  The space between the center of the front and rear wheels.

  

  • Wheelbase: 2501

  The longer the wheelbase, the more space there is inside the cabin.

  Ground Clearance

  165 mm

  It’s the space between the lowest point of the car and the ground.

  

  • Ground Clearance: 165

  If the car has a good amount of clearance, it’s easier for it to clear big speed breakers and overall, deal with bad roads.

• Capacity
  Doors
  5 Doors
  The number of doors define the category of car. For example – four door means sedan, two-door means coupe while five-doors usually refer to a hatchback, MPV or an SUV.
  
  • Doors: 5
  Seating Capacity
  5 Person
  The number of people that can be seated comfortably in the car, which has also been mandated by the car manufacturer.
  
  • Seating Capacity: 5
  No of Rows

  2 Rows

  Smaller cars usually have two rows which can seat five, but some SUVs and MPVs have three rows and can seat around 7-8 passengers.

  Bootspace

  345 litres

  Boot space defines how practical the car is with respect to how much luggage it can carry.

  

  • Bootspace: 345

  A boot with a large and wide opening is ideal for loading heavy items. Additionally, a lower loading height also makes it easy to put in luggage.

  Fuel Tank Capacity

  37 litres

  The official volume of the fuel tank of a car, usually denoted in litres.

  If a car has a large fuel tank, it can cover long distances without refuelling.

• Suspensions, Brakes, Steering & Tyres
  Front Suspension

  Independent MacPherson dual path strut with coil spring

  Almost all cars in India use an independent front suspension which is usually the MacPherson Strut type.

  Rear Suspension

  Twist beam with coil spring and shock absorber

  The rear suspension can either be non-independent or independent.

  Most of the budget cars have non-independent suspension while the more expensive ones get independent rear suspension which offers better bump absorption.

  Front Brake Type

  Disc

  Most of the vehicles sold in India get ventilated or non-ventilated disc brakes upfront.

  - The ventilated discs are more popular thanks to them providing better stopping power and it also works well in hot conditions.

  Rear Brake Type

  Drum

  In affordable cars, drums brakes are fitted at the rear as they are cost effective.

  Disc setup at the rear is now getting more popular as cars are getting faster in the real world.

  Minimum Turning Radius

  5 metres

  The official kerb-to-kerb minimum radius a car takes to complete a 180-degree turn.

  Shorter the turning radius, the lesser space you need to make a tight turn or to take a U-turn.

  Steering Type

  Power assisted (Electric)

  Almost all steering systems in cars today have an assist to help park them better at low speeds - these can be hydraulic, electro-hydraulic or electric.

  Wheels

  Alloy Wheels

  The wheels used on cars are either steel rims with plastic wheel cover hub or alloy wheels on higher spec models or expensive cars.

  Razor cut, or diamond cut alloy wheel design are not getting more popular. Manufacturers usually offer these in top-end trim of their car models.

  Spare Wheel

  Steel

  Important in a country with varying quality of roads, spare wheels ensure one doesn’t get stranded when one of the main tyres gets damaged.

  Select premium car models feature space savers (smaller than the stock wheels) to save on boot space.

  Front Tyres

  185 / 60 R16

  The profile/dimension of rubber tyre that fits on the front wheels.

  Rear Tyres

  185 / 60 R16

  The profile/dimension of rubber tyre that fits on the rear wheels.

• Safety
  Overspeed Warning

  1 beep over 80kmph, Continuous beeps over 120kmph

  Mandatory safety system for cars sold in India, a single beep is emitted after 80kmph and continuous ones after 120kmph

  Lane Departure Warning

  No

  This function detects when the car is drifting out of its lane and cautions the driver through audio/visual alerts

  Emergency Brake Light Flashing

  No

  The brake lights flash in a quick intermittent fashion to indicate to the following vehicles to slow down quicker than usual

  Puncture Repair Kit

  Yes

  These enable users to repair a puncture effortlessly, saving the time/effort involved in replacing it with the spare wheel

  Avoid driving on a flat/deflated wheel too long as it can cause expensive repairs

  Forward Collision Warning (FCW)

  No

  The driver is warned of an impending crash due to stopped/slowing vehicles ahead of them

  Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB)

  No

  This system automatically stops the car if it senses an obstacle where the driver fails to take action

  It is imperative to pay attention while driving and rely less on such systems

  High-beam Assist

  No

  This feature spots oncoming vehicles at night to shift the headlight between high and low beam

  NCAP Rating

  5 Star (Global NCAP)

  The official crash test safety rating given to a car by one of the many testing agencies around the world

  Blind Spot Detection

  Yes

  Blind Spot Detection systems use sensors to detect and alert the driver of any sudden movements in his/her blind spot

  Lane Departure Prevention

  No

  This feature automatically steers the car to prevent it from moving out of the lane when there is no driver input

  • Airbags
    6 Airbags (Driver, Front Passenger, 2 Curtain, Driver Side, Front Passenger Side)
  Rear Middle Three Point seatbelt

  Yes

  Safer three-point seatbelts for passengers seated in the middle of the second row of seats.

  Budget cars are usually fitted with more economical lap belts for the middle-occupant.

  Rear Middle Head Rest

  No

  A headrest for the middle occupant of the second-row of seats.

  Budget cars are usually not offered with headrests for the middle occupant of the second-row to save on costs. Headrests are instrumental in reducing whiplash injuries in case of an accident

  Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)

  Yes

  A digital gauge that provides the live status of the air pressure in every tyre of a car.

  For accurate readings, ensure that the sensors on the rim are not tampered with during any wheel/tyre repairs

  Child Seat Anchor Points

  Yes

  Anchor points or strap systems built into car seats to keep child seats in place, especially during a crash

  ISOFIX is an international standard for child seat anchor points, but not all car manufacturers follow this standard

  Seat Belt Warning

  Yes

  Mandatory fitment in cars sold in India, emits loud beeps when it detects that occupants are not wearing their seatbelts.

  Seat belt warning is mandatory for front-seat occupants, but it is recommended that all occupants wear seat belts.

• Braking & Traction
  Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)

  Yes

  An electronic system that prevents the tyres from locking and skidding in emergency braking situations by pulsing the brakes (quickly releasing and reapplying the brakes)

  ABS is a great accident prevention technology, allowing drivers to steer while braking hard

  Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD)

  Yes

  An electronic system that redirects braking forces among the four brakes to stop the car as quickly and stably as possible

  Brake Assist (BA)

  Yes

  A system that increases brake pressure to help the car stop quicker

  Even when emergency braking, it is observed that drivers don’t apply maximum brake pressure through the pedal, the BA system provides additional pressure to help stop the car quicker

  Electronic Stability Program (ESP)

  Yes

  System designed to improve car stability and control, especially when the car is accelerating.

  ESP or ESC cannot increase traction but rather improve control or help regain control in slippery conditions.

  Four-Wheel-Drive

  No

  A system that sends the car's power to all the four wheels at the same time

  Hill Hold Control

  No

  A feature that prevents the car from rolling backwards when stopped on a slope

  Traction Control System (TC/TCS)

  Yes

  This system cuts power to those wheels that are spinning without grip/traction

  Given the option, keep traction control on all the time.

  Limited Slip Differential (LSD)

  No

  This function prevents wheelspin and maximises traction by shuffling torque between wheels

  It is also a nifty safety feature since it offers more control over a vehicle's power delivery

• Locks & Security
  Engine Immobiliser

  Yes

  A security device that prevents the engine from being started unless the key is present

  Central Locking

  Keyless

  This feature let's one unlock all the doors remotely or with a key

  Speed Sensing Door Lock

  Yes

  This feature automatically locks the car's doors when it reaches a preset speed

  A convenient feature for those who can't remember to lock the doors

  Child Safety Lock

  Yes

  Such locks are built into the rear doors to prevent rear seat occupants from opening the doors

• Comfort & Convenience
  Air Purifier

  No

  Used to improve the air quality within the cabin by removing contaminants

  • Umbrella Storage in Door
    Yes
  • Electronic Parking Brake
    No
  Air Conditioner

  Yes (Automatic Climate Control)

  The different types of air-conditioning systems used to cool the cabin

  Maintaining the lowest temperature and first blower speed offers the best results.

  • Front AC
    Single Zone, Common Fan Speed Control
  • Rear AC
    Vents Behind Front Armrest
  Heater

  Yes

  This feature allows warm air to pass through the air-con vents for heating the cabin

  Vanity Mirrors on Sun Visors

  Co-Driver Only

  Compact mirrors fitted to the inside of the sunvisor

  Cabin Boot Access

  Yes

  The option of being able to access the boot space while sitting inside the car

  Anti-glare Mirrors

  Manual - Internal Only

  These mirrors negate the glare from headlight beams of cars behind you

  Since a large chunk of people love driving around in their high beam, these mirrors come in handy

  Parking Assist

  360 Degree Camera

  A feature that aids drivers park with ease and greater precision using sensors/cameras

  It comes as a boon for drivers who are not used to parking in tight spots

  Parking Sensors

  Rear

  Sensors that are usually located on the bumpers of a car to assist/alert the driver while parking

  It takes the stress out of manoeuvring in confined spaces

  Cruise Control

  Yes

  A system that automatically controls the speed of the car

  Headlight and Ignition On Reminder

  Yes

  An alert that warns one from leaving the car with the headlight and ignition switched on

  Keyless Start/ Button Start

  Yes

  When fitted, this system allows the car to be switched on without removing the key from the driver’s pocket or vicinity.

  Keyless entry and start/stop (KESS) systems in some cars also include operation via a smartphone.

  Steering Adjustment

  Tilt

  A function where the steering wheel moves up/down, in/out as per the driver's requirement

  When both rake and reach adjustments are incorporated, it makes for a tailormade driving position

  12V Power Outlets

  2

  This socket provides current to a cigarette lighter style 12 volt plug

  It helps charge smartphones, tablets, laptops, rechargeable batteries and other USB chargers. It also powers a compressor that inflates tyres and the humble cigarette lighter!

• Mobile App Features
  Find My Car

  No

  An app based feature that allows one to find where their car is located/parked

  Check Vehicle Status via App

  No

  The requisite app will provide information regarding various functions such as speed and fuel alerts

  Geo-fence

  No

  A service that triggers actions like notifications and security alerts when a car enters/leaves a set location

  Emergency Call

  No

  A call that's made automatically by the car to the local emergency services in the event of a crash

  Over The Air (OTA) Updates

  No

  Similar to how smartphones receive updates, a vehicle too (if equipped with connected car features) receives updates over the air via a cellular or WiFi connection

  Timely installation of updates keeps the system up-to-date

  Remote AC: On / Off via App

  No

  The smartphone app turns on the car's AC to attain the required cabin temperature even before one boards it

  More so comes in handy when cabin temperatures are extreme before you board the vehicle

  Remote Car Lock/Unlock via App

  No

  The smartphone app allows one to remotely lock/unlock the car's doors from just about anywhere

  This function is helpful when the key fob isn't working properly

  Remote Sunroof: Open / Close via App

  No

  The smartphone app lets you remotely open/close the sunroof of your car

  This function saves valuable time by not having to be physically present to shut the sunroof, which could otherwise result in the interiors getting damaged by rain/intruders.

  Car Light Flashing & Honking via App

  No

  The smartphone app sounds the horn and flashes the headlights of your car so that you can locate it

  Alexa Compatibility

  No

  Alexa is a virtual assistant technology that allows voice interaction to perform various tasks

  An invaluable function that allows the driver to keep their eyes on the road

• Seats & Upholstery
  • Massage Seats
    No
  • Driver Seat Adjustment
    8 way manually adjustable (seat forward / back, backrest tilt forward / back, headrest up / down, seat height up / down)
  • Front Passenger Seat Adjustment
    6 way manually adjustable (seat forward / back, backrest tilt forward / back, headrest up / down)
  Rear Row Seat Adjustment

  2 way manually adjustable (headrest up / down)

  Rear seat adjustments make for an enlarged luggage space when there's lots of baggage to haul.

  Seat Upholstery

  Fabric

  When it's time to replace, use a fabric that grips and are inherently cool to the touch

  Leather-wrapped Steering Wheel

  Yes

  Leather not only grips your palms well, but it also offers a premium feel

  • Leather-wrapped Gear Knob
    Yes
  Driver Armrest

  Yes

  The armrest located between the front passengers which helps comfort the driver's arm while driving

  • Rear Passenger Seat Type
    Bench
  Ventilated Seats

  No

  Cooled air from the AC system passes through the perforations on the seat to comfort the occupant

  • Ventilated Seat Type
    No
  Interiors

  Dual Tone

  Depicts if the cabin comes with a single or dual-tone colour scheme

  Interior Colours

  Black and Grey

  The various color shades used within the cabin

  • Rear Armrest
    Yes
  Folding Rear Seat

  Full

  Some rear seats have the option to be be folded to offer more practicality

  Split Rear Seat

  No

  Sections of the rear seat are capable of being folded down separately

  This function bumps up practicality as the boot space increases when required.

  Front Seatback Pockets

  Yes

  The pockets behind the front seats which help rear seat occupants store their stuff

  Headrests

  Front & Rear

  The portion extending from or fixed to the seat that supports the head

• Storage
  • Cup Holders
    Front Only
  Driver Armrest Storage

  Yes

  The storage space within the armrest that's located between the front passengers

  Cooled Glovebox

  Yes

  A feature where cool air from the air-conditioner is diverted to the glovebox

  • Sunglass Holder
    Yes

• Doors, Windows, Mirrors & Wipers
  ORVM Colour

  Chrome

  Mirrors that are placed on the car's exterior, around the door, to aid the driver see behind the vehicle

  Placing/sticking wide-angle mirrors on the ORVMs can enhance the rear view tremendously.

  Scuff Plates

  Optional

  This is fitted where the door meets the frame to protect it from scratches and dust

  Not using scuff plates may result in the door sill giving away prematurely.

  Power Windows

  Front & Rear

  When the car's windows can be raised/lowered by pressing a button/switch

  In emergencies where the power window electronics have jammed, exit the vehicle by kicking out the windscreen

  One Touch Down

  Driver

  This feature allows a user to roll down the windows with a single press of a button

  This feature reduces the time your hand is away from the steering wheel

  One Touch Up

  Driver

  This feature allows a user to roll up the windows with a single press of a button

  This feature reduces the time your hand is away from the steering wheel

  Adjustable ORVMs

  Auto Folding

  Different ways of adjusting the door mirror to suit the driver's requirement

  Tremendously aids driving judgement in a variety of tight situations.

  Turn Indicators on ORVMs

  No

  Turn indicators are fitted to the door mirrors for improved visibility

  Rear Defogger

  Yes

  A feature that removes condensed water droplets from the rear windscreen to improve visibility

  Turning air recirculation off helps gain faster results.

  Rear Wiper

  Yes

  Although a seemingly minuscule feature, it negates the hatchback's/SUV's inherent ability to retain dirt/water on the rear windscreen.

  • Exterior Door Handles
    Body Coloured
  Rain-sensing Wipers

  Yes

  When the system detects water droplets on the windshield, it activates the wipers to improve driver visibility

  This feature can be intrusive especially while you are negotiating a tricky bend at a higher speed

  • Interior Door Handles
    Silver
  • Door Pockets
    Front & Rear
  Bootlid Opener

  Electric Tailgate Release

  The various methods of opening the boot lid

• Exterior
  Sunroof / Moonroof

  Electrically Adjustable

  Ensure the sunroof is closed before exiting the vehicle to prevent dirt/rain from entering the cabin

  Roof-mounted Antenna

  Yes

  The compactness of the roof-mounted antenna prevents its damage in certain situations

  Body-coloured Bumpers

  Yes

  Having parking sensors will save your bumper paint if it brushes by obstacles

  • Chrome Finish Exhaust Pipe
    No
  Body Kit

  No

  Functional or purely aesthetic parts added to the car's body such as side skirts and roof/bonnet scoops

  Rub-strips

  No

  A strip of rubber fitted to the sides of the car's doors or bumpers to prevent dents and dings

  Opt for quality strips because the cheaper ones tend to come off too soon/look shabby.

• Lighting
  • Ambient Interior Count
    -
  • Headlights
    Halogen Projector
  Automatic Headlamps

  Yes

  Such headlights automatically switch on and off when they sense bright or dark driving conditions

  Keeping them switched on at all times gives the user the best results

  Follow Me Home Headlamps

  Yes

  The headlamps remain lit for sometime when the car is locked/unlocked to aid user visibility in dark surroundings

  Cornering Headlights

  Active

  These lights turn left and right based on steering inputs to illuminate the sides of the car

  Taillights

  Halogen

  Inspect tail lamp bulbs at periodic intervals for optimum safety.

  Daytime Running Lights

  LED

  Lights that automatically switch on during the day for increased visibility

  Fog Lights

  Halogen

  A type of lamp that improves driver visibility while driving through fog

  The yellow/amber fog lights are preferable as they are warm to the eyes and do not reflect from the fog.

  Ambient Interior Lighting

  Footwell Lamps

  Additional lighting apart from the roof-mounted courtesy/map lamps. These are added for a sense of style and luxury rather than utility.

  Puddle Lamps

  No

  Incorporated into the bottom section of a car's door mirrors, they light up the ground underneath the front door when the door is unlocked

  • Cabin Lamps
    Front
  Light on Vanity Mirrors

  No

  A lamp that's located around the vanity mirror behind the sun visor

  • Rear Reading Lamp
    No
  • Glovebox Lamp
    Yes
  Headlight Height Adjuster

  Yes

  Allows adjustment to the height of the headlight beams via a switch on the dashboard

• Instrumentation
  Instantaneous Consumption

  Yes

  It indicates how much fuel is being used that very instant your car is moving

  Instrument Cluster

  Digital

  A screen situated mostly behind the steering wheel displaying information and warning lights regarding the car's various vitals

  • Trip Meter
    Electronic 2 Trips
  Average Fuel Consumption

  Yes

  The amount of fuel consumed by the engine (kmpl) is displayed on the instrument cluster in real time

  A glance will help you maintain better fuel efficiency and save money

  Average Speed

  Yes

  The total distance traveled divided by the time taken to cover that distance

  The higher the average speed, the quicker you were on that journey/trip

  Distance to Empty

  Yes

  The approximate distance a car will run with the amount of fuel remaining in the tank

  • Clock
    Digital
  Low Fuel Level Warning

  Yes

  This alert should be taken as a final warning to head straight to the fuel pump

  Door Ajar Warning

  Yes

  A warning light that pops up on the instrument cluster when the doors are not shut properly

  Adjustable Cluster Brightness

  Yes

  The brightness of the instrument cluster can be adjusted via controls

  It comes in handy to improve instrumentation visibility between day and night by toggling brightness.

  Gear Indicator

  Yes

  It notifies the driver about which gear the car is being driven in and can also suggest down- or upshifting to improve efficiency

  Shift Indicator

  No

  Notifies the driver about the optimum instances to shift gears

  It comes in handy to derive the best fuel efficiency and engine component longevity

  Heads Up Display (HUD)

  No

  This function allows specific data like 'speed' to reflect/project on the windscreen in the driver's line-of-sight

  Tachometer

  Analogue

  An instrument that measures engine speed in revolutions-per-minute (rpm)

  Ideally, the tachometer helps a driver know when to shift gears in a manual gearbox.

• Entertainment, Information & Communication
  Android Auto

  Wireless

  An Android feature that allows car infotainment displays to mirror parts of the phone screen to ease touch operations while driving.

  Apple CarPlay

  Wireless

  An Apple (iOS) feature that allows car infotainment displays to mirror parts of the iPhone screen to ease touch operations while driving.

  This function bumps up the safety quotient since the use of a smartphone while driving can be hazardous

  Display

  Touch-screen Display

  A touchscreen or display that acts as a user's interface to the various functions of the car

  • Touchscreen Size
    10.24 inch
  Display Screen for Rear Passengers

  No

  A touchscreen or display that acts as a user's interface to the various functions of the car

  Integrated (in-dash) Music System

  Yes

  The music player that comes factory fitted

  Speakers

  4

  Number of speaker units as part of a car’s surround-sound system

  Steering-mounted controls

  Yes

  The widely-used controls are placed on the steering wheel to ease driver usage

  Voice Command

  Yes

  When the car's system responds to the occupant's voice to perform certain features

  GPS Navigation System

  Yes

  A system that uses satellite signals to help the driver with directions to reach a destination

  Bluetooth Compatibility

  Phone & Audio Streaming

  Allows devices with bluetooth functionality connect wirelessly to the car's infotainment system

  Using Bluetooth functionality offers a cable-free experience

  AUX Compatibility

  Yes

  The car's music player can play tracks off a portable device via an aux cable

  Bluetooth can make AUX cables look ancient, but unlike the former, there's hardly any loss in sound quality

  AM/FM Radio

  Yes

  Is the music system's capability of playing broadcasted radio channels

  If radio signals are weak, one can stream music

  USB Compatibility

  Yes

  When tracks can be played from a USB/pen drive

  Wireless Charger

  Yes

  These pads can charge equipped smartphones without using a cable

  Given the option, opt for fast wireless charging.

  Head Unit Size

  Not Applicable

  The size of the music system fitted to a car. Traditionally 1-DIN or 2-DIN, are being replaced by touchscreen units of varying sizes.

  • iPod Compatibility
    Yes
  Internal Hard Drive

  No

  The storage device within the car's infotainment system

• Manufacturer Warranty
  Battery Warranty (In Years)

  Not Applicable

  The number of years the EV battery is covered under the manufacturer's warranty

  More the years, the better

  Battery Warranty (In Kilometres)

  Not Applicable

  The number of kilometres the EV battery is covered under the manufacturer's warranty

  More the kilometres, the better

  Warranty (In Years)

  3

  The automaker can void the vehicle's warranty if the owner has fitted aftermarket components.

  Warranty (In Kilometres)

  100000

  The automaker can void the vehicle's warranty if the owner has fitted aftermarket components.